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\documentclass{article}
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\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
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\usepackage[english]{babel}
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\usepackage{amssymb,amsmath}
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\begin{document}
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\section{Simple equations on text}
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\label{sec:eq-text}
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Here you can see simple equations along with text $x$, $y$ and \(z\) are in math mode. This mode is known as \textbf{inline} mode and it is recommended to write short equations like: $-10 \leq x \leq 10$. Thus, if complex and long equations are required, it is recommended to use the equation environment.\par
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\section{Equation environment}
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\label{sec:environment}
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Here we can find a way to write long equations like \eqref{eq:fraction}:
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\begin{equation}
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\label{eq:fraction}
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f(t)=\sqrt{\frac{t-a}{t+a}}
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\end{equation}
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\noindent here $t$ is time in seconds.
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More complex equations can be written using symbols and commands from math-mode. An example is the Fourier coefficients equations \eqref{eq:a0},\eqref{eq:an} and \eqref{eq:bn}:
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\begin{eqnarray}
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a_0=\frac{1}{T}\int_0^T f(t)dt \label{eq:a0}\\
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a_n=\frac{2}{T}\int_0^T f(t)\cdot \cos{\left(\frac{2\pi nt}{T}\right)}dt \label{eq:an}\\
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b_n=\frac{2}{T}\int_0^T f(t)\cdot \sin{\left(\frac{2\pi nt}{T}\right)}dt \label{eq:bn}
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\end{eqnarray}
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Previous equations are used to define the Fourier series as:
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\begin{equation}
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\label{eq:fourier}
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g(t)=a_0+\sum_{m=1}^{\infty}a_m \cos{\left(\frac{2\pi mt}{T}\right)}++\sum_{m=1}^{\infty}b_n \sin{\left(\frac{2\pi nt}{T}\right)}
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\end{equation}
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\end{document}
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